Heredity and DNA
Vocabulary (Unit #4)
1) Nucleotide: subunit of DNA that consists of a sugar,
phosphate, and a base
2) Recessive trait: trait that reappears
in the 2nd generation after disappearing in the first (shown with a
lowercase letter)
3) DNA: genetic material that is present in all living cells and contains information
about traits
4) Rosalind Franklin: chemist who used
X-ray diffraction to show DNA’s spiral shape
5) Sex-linked disorder: disorders
that result from genes being carried on the X chromosome
6) Gregor Mendel: Austrian monk who
used pea plants to show dominant and recessive traits
7) Punnett Square: diagram made of 4
squares that shows the possible offspring combinations for particular parents
8) Sex chromosomes: chromosomes that
determine the sex of an individual (XX or XY)
9) Mutation: change in the
nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
10) Genotype: entire genetic
makeup of an organism (such as Gg or rr)
11) Deletion: mutation where a base
is left out
12) Substitution: mutation where the
wrong base is used
13) Heredity: passing of traits from
parents to offspring
14) Selective breeding: when organisms with desirable
characteristics are mated
15) Gene: one set of instructions for an
inherited trait
16) Meiosis: process of cell
division which results in production of sex cells (sperm and egg)
17) Dominant trait: trait that is always
present in the first generation (shown with capital letter)
18) tRNA: translates the DNA message
19) Watson and Crick: built a 3-D model to
show that DNA must look like a long twisted ladder (double helix)
20) Phenotype: an organism’s
physical appearance (hair color, eye color, etc)
21) Insertion: mutation where extra
base is added in
22) Walter Sutton: graduate student who
studied grasshoppers and discovered that genes are located on chromosomes
23) mRNA: mirror-like copy of a DNA segment
made out of RNA
24) Allele: one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
25) Base-pair rule: rule which states that A pairs with T and G pairs with C
26) DNA fingerprinting: used to identify the unique patterns in a person’s DNA, usually to help solve crimes
27) Pedigree: tool for tracing a trait through generations of a family
28) Probability: likelihood that something will happen
24) Allele: one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
25) Base-pair rule: rule which states that A pairs with T and G pairs with C
26) DNA fingerprinting: used to identify the unique patterns in a person’s DNA, usually to help solve crimes
27) Pedigree: tool for tracing a trait through generations of a family
28) Probability: likelihood that something will happen
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